Hind-ari köçləri

Hind-ari köçləri — hind-avropalıların tarixdən əvvəlki dövrdə Hindistana hipotetik köçləri. Nəzəriyyəyə görə, onlar Hindustanın şimal-qərbində (müasir Pakistan ərazisi) məskunlaşıbmış, sonra Hindistanın şimal hissəsinə yayılmışdılar. Arilərin Hindistana ilk köçlər ilə bağlı fərziyyələr əsasən linqvistik dəlillər,^[1] eləcə də ilkin Hind-Avropa tayfalarının silahlarına xas olan qədim Hindistanda veda dini, ritualları, poeziyası, ictimai təşkilatı və döyüş arabalarının yayılmasının etnoqrafik təhlili əsasında formalaşmışdır. Eyni zamanda, 2000-ci illərdə aparılan bir sıra genetik tədqiqatların nəticələri göstərir ki, yeni gələn əhalinin Hindustan əhalisinin genofonduna verdiyi töhfə çox əhəmiyyətlidir. Odur ki, R1a1 haploqrupunun daşıyıcıları Hindistanın yuxarı kastalarında, məsələn, kşatriyalar və brahmanlarda 46%-ə çatır. Hindistan və Mərkəzi Asiya əhaliləri üçün bəzi Y-xromosom haploqruplarının ümumiliyi onların qədim qonşuluğu ilə (Şərqi Avropa R1a haploqrupu vəziyyətində), ya da buzlaq və buzlaqdan sonrakı dövrlərə aid Hind-ari köçlərindən çox daha qədim olması ilə izah olunur.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Antik dövrdə Hindistana köç etmiş hind-arilər mənşəyi Tunc dövrü Sintaşta yaşayış məskəni və Xəzər dənizinin şərqindəki Andronovo arxeoloji mədəniyyəti ilə əlaqəli olan protohind-İran tayfalarının bir hissəsi idi. Köçlər dövrü Hindistanda Tunc dövrünün ortalarına, axırlarına və son Harrapan sivilizasiyasına (e.ə. 1700–1300) təsadüf edir.

İstinadlar[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

↑ The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Edwin Bryant, 2001
↑ Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S. Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M. V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists // American Journal of Human Genetics . 2 (ingilis) (78). The American Society of Human Genetics. 2006.
↑ Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, and V. K. Kashyap. A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 4 (ingilis) (103). United States National Academy of Sciences. 2006.
↑ Swarkar Sharma, Ekta Rai, Prithviraj Sharma, Mamata Jena, Shweta Singh, Katayoon Darvishi, Audesh K Bhat, A J S Bhanwer, Pramod Kumar Tiwari and Rameshwar N K Bamezai. The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system // Journal of Human Genetics (ingilis) (54). 2009. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2.
↑ Peter A Underhill, Natalie M Myres, Siiri Rootsi, Mait Metspalu, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Roy J King,1 Alice A Lin, Cheryl-Emiliane T Chow, Ornella Semino, Vincenza Battaglia, Ildus Kutuev, Mari Järve, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Qasim Ayub, Aisha Mohyuddin, S Qasim Mehdi, Sanghamitra Sengupta, Evgeny I Rogaev, Elza K Khusnutdinova, Andrey Pshenichnov, Oleg Balanovsky, Elena Balanovska, Nina Jeran, Dubravka Havas Augustin, Marian Baldovic, Rene J Herrera, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Vijay Singh, Lalji Singh, Partha Majumder, Pavao Rudan, Dragan Primorac, Richard Villems, and Toomas Kivisild. Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a // European Journal of Human Genetics (ingilis) (18). Macmillan Publishers. 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194.
↑ Mait Metspalu, Irene Gallego Romero, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Chandana Basu Mallick, Georgi Hudjashov, Mari Nelis, Reedik Mägi, Ene Metspalu, Maido Remm, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems and Toomas Kivisild. Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia // The American Journal of Human Genetics . 89 (ingilis) (6). The American Society of Human Genetics. 9 December 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010.

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[1] The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Edwin Bryant, 2001

[ncbi12-2] Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S. Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M. V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists // American Journal of Human Genetics . 2 (ingilis) (78). The American Society of Human Genetics. 2006.

[pnas12-3] Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, and V. K. Kashyap. A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 4 (ingilis) (103). United States National Academy of Sciences. 2006.

[jhg12-4] Swarkar Sharma, Ekta Rai, Prithviraj Sharma, Mamata Jena, Shweta Singh, Katayoon Darvishi, Audesh K Bhat, A J S Bhanwer, Pramod Kumar Tiwari and Rameshwar N K Bamezai. The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system // Journal of Human Genetics (ingilis) (54). 2009. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2.

[jhg22-5] Peter A Underhill, Natalie M Myres, Siiri Rootsi, Mait Metspalu, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Roy J King,1 Alice A Lin, Cheryl-Emiliane T Chow, Ornella Semino, Vincenza Battaglia, Ildus Kutuev, Mari Järve, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Qasim Ayub, Aisha Mohyuddin, S Qasim Mehdi, Sanghamitra Sengupta, Evgeny I Rogaev, Elza K Khusnutdinova, Andrey Pshenichnov, Oleg Balanovsky, Elena Balanovska, Nina Jeran, Dubravka Havas Augustin, Marian Baldovic, Rene J Herrera, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Vijay Singh, Lalji Singh, Partha Majumder, Pavao Rudan, Dragan Primorac, Richard Villems, and Toomas Kivisild. Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a // European Journal of Human Genetics (ingilis) (18). Macmillan Publishers. 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194.

[ajhg20112-6] Mait Metspalu, Irene Gallego Romero, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Chandana Basu Mallick, Georgi Hudjashov, Mari Nelis, Reedik Mägi, Ene Metspalu, Maido Remm, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Lalji Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Richard Villems and Toomas Kivisild. Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia // The American Journal of Human Genetics . 89 (ingilis) (6). The American Society of Human Genetics. 9 December 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010.

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