Ankara Roma hamamı

Ankara Roma hamamı
Ankara Roma hamamı
	39°56′49″ şm. e. 32°51′11″ ş. u.
Ölkə	Türkiyə
Şəhər	Ankara
Yerləşir	Ankara, Altındağ ilçəsi
Aidiyyatı	Roma imperiyası
Sifarişçi	Karakalla
Tikilmə tarixi	III əsr
Üslubu	Roma hamamı
Material	kərpic, mərmər
Vəziyyəti	açıq səma altında muzey
	Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Ankara Roma hamamı — Türkiyənin Ankara şəhərində yerləşən və dövrümüzə xarabalıqları gəlib çatmış Roma hamamıdır. 1937-1944-cü illərdə arxeoloji qazıntılar zamanı üzə çıxarılmış abidə açıq səma altında muzey kimi fəaliyyət göstərir.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Tarixi

Hamam Ankaranın Ulus rayonunun mərkəzindən 400 m aralıda, Çankırı küçəsindən 2.5 m yüksəklikdə olan Çankırı Kapı yaylasında yerləşir. Tədqiqat ərazisinin üst qatlarından Roma, Bizans və Səlcuqlu dövrlərinə aid materiallar, ən alt təbəqəsindən isə Frigiya dövrünə aid materiallar aşkarlanmışdır.^[4]

Qədim Ankira (Ancyra) şəhəri Roma imperiyası dövründə şərqlə qərbin kəsişdiyi ərazidə yerləşirdi və şəhərin strateji mövqeyi onun Qalatiya vilayətinin paytaxtı kimi şöhrət tapmasında rol oynamışdır. Yaylanın şərq tərəfindən keçən yol Avqust məbədinin yerləşdiyi meydana aparırdı. Məbədin qalıqları, boz mərmərdən olan sütunların Korinf kaptelları 1930-cu illərdə Türkiyə Respublikasının yeni paytaxtı Ankara şəhərinin salınması zamanı qazıntı nəticəsində aşkarlanmışdır.^[5]^[6]

Hamam III əsrdə Roma imperatoru Karakallanın (212-217) sifarişi ilə inşa edilmişdir. Həmin imperatorun sifarişi ilə inşa edilmiş digər bir hamam isə Roma şəhərində yerləşir və Karakalla hamamı adlanır. Tibb tanrısı Asklepinin şərəfinə tikilmiş hamam caldarium (isti hamam), tepidarium (qaynar hamam) və frigidarium (soyuq hamam) otaqlarından ibarət, 80m x 120m ölçülü klassik kompleksdir. Səkkizinci əsrə qədər fəaliyyət göstərmiş hamam, həmin dövrdə baş vermiş yanğın zamanı dağılmış və dövrümüzə yalnız birinci mərtəbənin xarabalıqları çatmışdır.^[1]^[2]

Ərazidə arxeoloji tədqiqat işlərinə 1937-ci ildə prof. Rəmzi Oğuz Arık tərəfindən Frigiya və Roma dövrünə aid qalıqların aşkarlanmasından sonra başlanmışdır. Türk Tarix Qurumunun maliyyələşdirdiyi qazıntı işlərinə əvvəlcə Hamit Z. Koşay, daha sonra isə Necati Dolunay rəhbərlik etmişdir. 1938-1939-cu illərdə aşkara çıxarılmış hamam qalıqları 1940-1943-cü illərdə çöküntülərdən tamamilə təmizlənmişdir. Bərpa işlərinin başlamasından qazıntı memarı Mahmut Akok hamamın bərpa layihəsini hazırlamışdır.^[3]

Prof. Arık qazıntılar zamanı aşkarlanmış sikkələr əsasında hamamın Karakallanın dövründə inşa edildiyini bildirmiş, bu ehtimal daha sonra kitabələr vasitəsiylə təsdiqlənmişdir. Arxeoloji tədqiqatlar zamanı aşkarlanmış digər sikkələr nəticəsində isə prof. Arık hamamın 500 il fəaliyyət göstərdiyini və bir neçə dəfə təmir edildiyini qeyd etmişdir.^[7]

Ərazi

Əraziyə Çankırı küçəsində yerləşən ofisdən bilet alaraq daxil olmaq lazımdır. Çankırı küçəsi 128 mərmər sütundan ibarət portiklə əhatə olunmuş palestraya (Qədim Yunanıstan ənənəsində güləş meydanı) açılır. Palestranın ortasında qəbir daşları, altarlar, Roma, Bizans və Ellinizm dövrünə aid kitabələr sərgilənir.^[8]

Palestranın arxasında apodeiterium (geyim otağı) və yanaşı üç hamam otağı yerləşir. Tepidarium və Caldariumun ənənəvi olmayan çox geniş ölçüləri şəhərin soyuq qış günlərində bu ərazinin çox məşhur olmasından xəbər verir. Ən diqqət çəkən qalıqlar döşəməni saxlamış kərpic sütunlardır. Onların arasından keçən isti hava döşəməni isti saxlamağa kömək edirdi.^[9] Palestranın şimalında sütunlu yolun qalıqları görünməkdədir.

Qalereya

Apoditerium
Caldarium
Hypocaust
Piscina
Tepidarium
Sarkofaq
Sarkofaqın kitabəsi
Xidmət tuneli
Sütun altlıqları və Roma kitabələri hamamın ətrafına səpələnmişdir.
Ankara Roma hamamının ümumi görünüşü

İstinadlar

↑ ¹ ² Hengirmen, Mehmet. Touristic Ankara. Ankara: Engin Publications. 2006. 16–17. ISBN 975-320-124-9.
↑ ¹ ² "Important Historical Sites". The Guide - Ankara. Istanbul: APA Uniprint: 45. 2009. ISSN 1303-054X.
↑ ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Roman baths are located on Çankırı Caddesi between Ulus and Yıldrım Beyazıt squares, on the west side of the street, about 400 meters from Ulus. They are situated on a plateau which rises 2.5 meters above street level. This plateau was known to be a höyük - ancient settlement mound. In 1937, Prof. Dr. Remzi Oğuz Arık excavated the mound, finding remains from the Phrygian and Roman periods. Excavations were carried out in 1938-1939 by the Generak Director of Museums, Hamit Z. Koşay. These excavations brought to light the bath buildings; which were fully exposed in 1940-1943 under the direction of Hamit Z. Koşay with assistance from field director Necati Dolunay and funded by the Türk Tarih Kurumnu (Turkish Historical Society). The excavation's architect, Mahmut Akok, investigated and drew a reconstructed plan of the baths, after which their restoration was begun.
↑ ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The platform on which the baths stood is an ancient city mound. At the top of the mound are remains from the Roman period (with some admixture of Byzantine and Seljuk material); at the bottom are remains from a Phygrian settlement. In the area traditionally known as Çankırı Kapı, Roman remains of two different types can be distinguished. 1 - A stretch of columned roadway from the ancient Roman city of Ancyra. 2 - The Roman bath and palaestra buildings. In the area there are traces of foundations of other Roman buildings.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. Columned Roadway: To the east of the bath and palaestra building lies a stretch of columned roadway, which ran from ancient Ancyra's sacred precinct, the area of the Temple of Augustus. During the early years of the Turkish Republic when the modern city of Ankara was being developed, the construction of Çankiri Caddesi yielded remains of the columned street, most of which still lies underground. The columns apparently dating from the second or third centuries A.D., are made from grey veined marble and have Corinthian capitals.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Bath Buildings: Ancient Ancyra, ruled by the Tektosag Galatians during the Galatian period, stood at the crossroads between the East and West. During the Roman period, the city's important location and its prominence as the capital of the province of Galatie led to its further development. Excavations carried out in 1937-1944 revealed a magnificent Roman building complex, including a palaestra and covered baths.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The construction of the bath buildings has been dated by coins found during the excavations to the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla (A.D. 212-217). This dating is supported by several contemporary inscriptions mentioning Tiberius Julius Justus Junianus, a prominent citizen of the city who was the responsible for the construction of the baths. Other coins found during the course of excavations indicate that the baths were in coninuous use for about 500 years, undergoing repair from time to time. The baths are popularly known as the Baths of Caracalla.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The entrance to the baths is on Çankırı Caddesi, opening into the palaetra or wrestling court. The large central open area is surrounded by the remains of a columned portico. This portico had 32 marble columns on each side, or 128 columns around its periphery. Today, a rich collection of inscriptions from the Roman period is displayed in the open court.
↑ "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The bath buildings, located directly behind the palaestra, include four separate rooms. Except for their size, these rooms are typical of Roman baths in general - Apodeiterium (dressing room), Frigidarium (cold room), Tepidarium (warm room), and Caldarium (hot room). The Tepidarium and Caldarium are unusually large; these were undoubtedly popular areas during the cold Ankara winters. These two rooms were heated from below, the floors were supported by columns made of bricks, around which hot air was circulated. This type of subterranean heating required tunnels and linked passageways, so that the underground oven which heated the air could be operated.

[touurank01-1] ¹ ² Hengirmen, Mehmet. Touristic Ankara. Ankara: Engin Publications. 2006. 16–17. ISBN 975-320-124-9.

[boank01-2] ¹ ² "Important Historical Sites". The Guide - Ankara. Istanbul: APA Uniprint: 45. 2009. ISSN 1303-054X.

[infpan01-3] ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Roman baths are located on Çankırı Caddesi between Ulus and Yıldrım Beyazıt squares, on the west side of the street, about 400 meters from Ulus. They are situated on a plateau which rises 2.5 meters above street level. This plateau was known to be a höyük - ancient settlement mound. In 1937, Prof. Dr. Remzi Oğuz Arık excavated the mound, finding remains from the Phrygian and Roman periods. Excavations were carried out in 1938-1939 by the Generak Director of Museums, Hamit Z. Koşay. These excavations brought to light the bath buildings; which were fully exposed in 1940-1943 under the direction of Hamit Z. Koşay with assistance from field director Necati Dolunay and funded by the Türk Tarih Kurumnu (Turkish Historical Society). The excavation's architect, Mahmut Akok, investigated and drew a reconstructed plan of the baths, after which their restoration was begun.

[infpan02-4] ¹ ² "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The platform on which the baths stood is an ancient city mound. At the top of the mound are remains from the Roman period (with some admixture of Byzantine and Seljuk material); at the bottom are remains from a Phygrian settlement. In the area traditionally known as Çankırı Kapı, Roman remains of two different types can be distinguished. 1 - A stretch of columned roadway from the ancient Roman city of Ancyra. 2 - The Roman bath and palaestra buildings. In the area there are traces of foundations of other Roman buildings.

[infpan03-5] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. Columned Roadway: To the east of the bath and palaestra building lies a stretch of columned roadway, which ran from ancient Ancyra's sacred precinct, the area of the Temple of Augustus. During the early years of the Turkish Republic when the modern city of Ankara was being developed, the construction of Çankiri Caddesi yielded remains of the columned street, most of which still lies underground. The columns apparently dating from the second or third centuries A.D., are made from grey veined marble and have Corinthian capitals.

[infpan04-6] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The Bath Buildings: Ancient Ancyra, ruled by the Tektosag Galatians during the Galatian period, stood at the crossroads between the East and West. During the Roman period, the city's important location and its prominence as the capital of the province of Galatie led to its further development. Excavations carried out in 1937-1944 revealed a magnificent Roman building complex, including a palaestra and covered baths.

[infpan05-7] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The construction of the bath buildings has been dated by coins found during the excavations to the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla (A.D. 212-217). This dating is supported by several contemporary inscriptions mentioning Tiberius Julius Justus Junianus, a prominent citizen of the city who was the responsible for the construction of the baths. Other coins found during the course of excavations indicate that the baths were in coninuous use for about 500 years, undergoing repair from time to time. The baths are popularly known as the Baths of Caracalla.

[infpan06-8] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The entrance to the baths is on Çankırı Caddesi, opening into the palaetra or wrestling court. The large central open area is surrounded by the remains of a columned portico. This portico had 32 marble columns on each side, or 128 columns around its periphery. Today, a rich collection of inscriptions from the Roman period is displayed in the open court.

[infpan07-9] "The Roman Baths of Ankara". information panel. The bath buildings, located directly behind the palaestra, include four separate rooms. Except for their size, these rooms are typical of Roman baths in general - Apodeiterium (dressing room), Frigidarium (cold room), Tepidarium (warm room), and Caldarium (hot room). The Tepidarium and Caldarium are unusually large; these were undoubtedly popular areas during the cold Ankara winters. These two rooms were heated from below, the floors were supported by columns made of bricks, around which hot air was circulated. This type of subterranean heating required tunnels and linked passageways, so that the underground oven which heated the air could be operated.

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